Tag TA-002-P latest test review

Reference:
https://www.terraform.io/docs/enterprise/admin/automated-recovery.html https://www.terraform.io/docs/language/state/remote.html

Explanation
https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/functions/index.html

Explanation
The persistent data stored in the backend belongs to a workspace. Initially, the backend has only one workspace, called “default”, and thus there is only one Terraform state associated with that configuration.

The existence of a provider plugin found locally in the working directory does not itself create a provider dependency. The plugin can exist without any reference to it in the terraform configuration. https://www.terraform.io/docs/commands/providers.html

Sentinel and Cost Estimation are also available in Terraform Cloud
https://www.hashicorp.com/products/terraform/pricing/

Explanation
The terraform console command provides an interactive console for evaluating expressions. This is useful for testing interpolations before using them in configurations, and for interacting with any values currently saved in state.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/commands/console.html

The terraform validate command validates the syntax and arguments of the Terraform configuration files. Reference: https://www.terraform.io/docs/cli/code/index.html

Explanation
A terraform list is a sequence of values identified by consecutive whole numbers starting with zero. https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/types.html#structural-types

Reference: https://www.terraform.io/docs/language/providers/configuration.html

Explanation
Terraform is built on a plugin-based architecture. All providers and provisioners that are used in Terraform configurations are plugins, even the core types such as AWS and Heroku. Users of Terraform are able to write new plugins in order to support new functionality in Terraform.

State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources on every run.
Purpose of Terraform State
State is a necessary requirement for Terraform to function. It is often asked if it is possible for Terraform to work without state, or for Terraform to not use state and just inspect cloud resources on every run. This page will help explain why Terraform state is required.
As you’ll see from the reasons below, state is required. And in the scenarios where Terraform may be able to get away without state, doing so would require shifting massive amounts of complexity from one place (state) to another place (the replacement concept).
1. Mapping to the Real World
Terraform requires some sort of database to map Terraform config to the real world. When you have a resource resource “aws_instance” “foo” in your configuration, Terraform uses this map to know that instance i- abcd1234 is represented by that resource.
For some providers like AWS, Terraform could theoretically use something like AWS tags. Early prototypes of Terraform actually had no state files and used this method. However, we quickly ran into problems. The first major issue was a simple one: not all resources support tags, and not all cloud providers support tags.
Therefore, for mapping configuration to resources in the real world, Terraform uses its own state structure.
2. Metadata
Alongside the mappings between resources and remote objects, Terraform must also track metadata such as resource dependencies.
Terraform typically uses the configuration to determine dependency order. However, when you delete a resource from a Terraform configuration, Terraform must know how to delete that resource. Terraform can see that a mapping exists for a resource not in your configuration and plan to destroy. However, since the configuration no longer exists, the order cannot be determined from the configuration alone.
To ensure correct operation, Terraform retains a copy of the most recent set of dependencies within the state. Now Terraform can still determine the correct order for destruction from the state when you delete one or more items from the configuration.
One way to avoid this would be for Terraform to know a required ordering between resource types. For example, Terraform could know that servers must be deleted before the subnets they are a part of. The complexity for this approach quickly explodes, however: in addition to Terraform having to understand the ordering semantics of every resource for every cloud, Terraform must also understand the ordering across providers.
Terraform also stores other metadata for similar reasons, such as a pointer to the provider configuration that was most recently used with the resource in situations where multiple aliased providers are present.
3. Performance
In addition to basic mapping, Terraform stores a cache of the attribute values for all resources in the state. This is the most optional feature of Terraform state and is done only as a performance improvement.
When running a terraform plan, Terraform must know the current state of resources in order to effectively determine the changes that it needs to make to reach your desired configuration.
For small infrastructures, Terraform can query your providers and sync the latest attributes from all your resources. This is the default behavior of Terraform: for every plan and apply, Terraform will sync all resources in your state.
For larger infrastructures, querying every resource is too slow. Many cloud providers do not provide APIs to query multiple resources at once, and the round trip time for each resource is hundreds of milliseconds. On top of this, cloud providers almost always have API rate limiting so Terraform can only request a certain number of resources in a period of time. Larger users of Terraform make heavy use of the -refresh=false flag as well as the -target flag in order to work around this. In these scenarios, the cached state is treated as the record of truth.
4. Syncing
In the default configuration, Terraform stores the state in a file in the current working directory where Terraform was run. This is okay for getting started, but when using Terraform in a team it is important for everyone to be working with the same state so that operations will be applied to the same remote objects.
Remote state is the recommended solution to this problem. With a fully-featured state backend, Terraform can use remote locking as a measure to avoid two or more different users accidentally running Terraform at the same time, and thus ensure that each Terraform run begins with the most recent updated state.

Explanation
By default, Terraform uses the “local” backend, which is the normal behavior of Terraform you’re used to.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/backends/index.html

The local backend stores state on the local filesystem, locks that state using system APIs, and performs operations locally.
Reference: https://www.terraform.io/docs/language/settings/backends/local.html

When using full remote operations, operations like terraform plan or terraform apply can be executed in Terraform Cloud’s run environment, with log output streaming to the local terminal. Remote plans and applies use variable values from the associated Terraform Cloud workspace.
Terraform Cloud can also be used with local operations, in which case only state is stored in the Terraform Cloud backend.
https://www.terraform.io/docs/backends/types/remote.html

Explanation
terraform init command is used to initialize a working directory containing Terraform configuration files.
Reference: https://www.terraform.io/docs/cli/commands/init.html

Explanation
Terraform Cloud supports the following VCS providers:
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/github.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/github.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/github-enterprise.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/gitlab-com.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/gitlab-eece.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/bitbucket-cloud.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/bitbucket-server.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/azure-devops-server.html
– https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/azure-devops-services.html
https://www.terraform.io/docs/cloud/vcs/index.html#supported-vcs-providers

Explanation
Terraform typically uses the configuration to determine dependency order. However, when you delete a resource from a Terraform configuration, Terraform must know how to delete that resource. Terraform can see that a mapping exists for a resource not in your configuration and plan to destroy. However, since the configuration no longer exists, the order cannot be determined from the configuration alone.
To ensure correct operation, Terraform retains a copy of the most recent set of dependencies within the state.
Now Terraform can still determine the correct order for destruction from the state when you delete one or more items from the configuration.